|
Economy - overview:
|
Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. Energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. As part of an ambitious reform effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the IMF to promote growth and reduce poverty. The economy returned to positive growth, of 2.1% in 2000 and 6.1% in 2001. Growth remained strong in 2002, in part because of the reforms and because of starting from a small base. Further reforms are in doubt because of strong political forces backing government controls. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor agricultural weather, and the scepticism of foreign investors.
|
|
GDP:
|
purchasing power parity - $11 billion (2002 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate:
|
4% (2002 est.)
|
|
GDP - per capita:
|
purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2002 est.)
|
|
GDP - composition by sector:
|
agriculture: 28%
industry: 23%
services: 49% (2000)
|
|
Population below poverty line:
|
80% (2001 est.)
|
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
|
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 31% (1997)
|
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|
41 (1997)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
5.5% (2002 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
1.7 million (1998) (1998)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation:
|
agriculture 40%, industry 14%, services 46% (1998) (1998)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
8% (roughly 25% of working age Moldovans are employed abroad) (2002 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
revenues: $536 million
expenditures: $594 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
|
|
Industries:
|
food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, sugar, vegetable oil, shoes, textiles
|
|
Industrial production growth rate:
|
9% (2002 est.)
|
|
Electricity - production:
|
3.317 billion kWh (2000)
|
|
Electricity - production by source:
|
fossil fuel: 90%
hydro: 10%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0%
|
|
Electricity - consumption:
|
3.655 billion kWh (2000)
|
|
Electricity - exports:
|
630 million kWh (2000)
|
|
Electricity - imports:
|
1.2 billion kWh (2000)
|
|
Agriculture - products:
|
vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, tobacco; beef, milk
|
|
Exports:
|
$590 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
|
|
Exports - commodities:
|
foodstuffs, textiles, and machinery (2001)
|
|
Exports - partners:
|
Russia 43%, Ukraine 10.1%, Italy 8.1%, Germany 7.2%, Romania 6.7% (2001)
|
|
Imports:
|
$980 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
|
|
Imports - commodities:
|
mineral products and fuel 32%, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles (2000)
|
|
Imports - partners:
|
Ukraine 18%, Russia 15.1%, Romania 13.1%, Germany 10.5%, Italy 6.4% (2001)
|
|
Debt - external:
|
$1.3 billion (2002)
|
|
Economic aid - recipient:
|
$100 million (2000)
|
|
Currency:
|
Moldovan leu (MDL)
|
|
Currency code:
|
MDL
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
lei per US dollar - 12.8579 (October 2001), 12.4342 (2000), 10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997); note - lei is the plural form of leu
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
calendar year
|
